Here is all the documentation for assignment 1!
Schematic Description: This schematic shows my circuit layout. The LEDs are connected to pins 3, 6, and 7 with 220 ohm resistors. I chose the resistor values of 220 ohms based on the actual calculation which came out to be 160 ohms. To err on the safe side, I chose 220 ohms to ensure the LEDs would not be damaged.
Circuit Description: This photo shows the physical implementation of my circuit on a breadboard. The Arduino Uno is connected to three LEDs in parallel configuration.
// Arduino code for blinking three LEDs independently
/* For Loop Iteration
Demonstrates the use of a for() loop.
Lights multiple LEDs in sequence, then in reverse.
The circuit:
- LEDs from pins 2 through 7 to ground
created 2006
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://docs.arduino.cc/built-in-examples/control-structures/ForLoopIteration/
*/
// Sets how long each LED stays on (in milliseconds)
int timer = 100; // Larger value = slower blinking speed
// The setup() function runs once when the program starts
void setup() {
// This for loop set each pin from 2 to 7 as an output pin (the pins I used for my
LEDS were 3, 6, and 7, so they are included in this range)
for (int thisPin = 2; thisPin < 8; thisPin++) {
// Configure pin as an output (so it can power an LED)
pinMode(thisPin, OUTPUT);
}
}
// The loop() function runs repeatedly forever
void loop() {
// The first loop will turn the LEDs on one by one from pin 2 to pin 7
for (int thisPin = 2; thisPin < 8; thisPin++) {
digitalWrite(thisPin, HIGH); // this will turn the LED connected to this pin on
delay(timer); // Wait for 'timer' milliseconds
digitalWrite(thisPin, LOW); // Turn the LED off before moving to the next one
}
// This second loop will turn the LEDs on one by one from pin 7 back down to pin 2
for (int thisPin = 7; thisPin >= 2; thisPin--) {
digitalWrite(thisPin, HIGH); // Turn the LED connected to this pin on
delay(timer); // Wait for 'timer' milliseconds
digitalWrite(thisPin, LOW); // Turn the LED off before moving to the next one
}
}
Code Explanation: This Arduino program uses for loops to make my LEDs (connected to pins 2, 6, and 7) blink in sequence. Although I am only using three LEDs, the for loop still works because it will just skip the pins that are not connected. In the first loop, each LED turns on and off one by one from left to right. In the second loop, the LEDs light up in the opposite direction, creating a back-and-forth chasing effect. The variable 'timer' controls how long each LED stays on, which determines the blinking speed.
Operation Description: This animated GIF demonstrates the actual operation of the circuit. You can see three different colored LEDs blinking at different times. Although I used different colored LEDs, the resistor choice was still the same since they all have the same voltage drop value!
Graph Explanation: This graph shows the voltage across each LED over time. The green line represents a green LED, the red line represents a red LED, and the yellow line represents a yellow LED. Each line shows the periodic on/off pattern of the circuit by dropping from 5V to 0V.
Answer: I used AI tools in various ways: